Visa Inc.
V · Payments
Runs the Visa card payment network, earning fees on the value and number of transactions processed. It does not lend money to cardholders.
Model built Nov 3, 2026 · latest annual filing FY2025 · figures in USD
Assumptions
Start from
Years 1-5
Average per year
Starting: 9.0%
Operating profit as % of revenue, average
Starting: 62.6%
Capex as % of revenue, average
Starting: 3.5%
The long run
Growth fades to this by year 10, then continues forever
Starting: 3.0%
Profit earned on each dollar reinvested after year 5. Sets how much capex growth needs
Starting: 100.0%
The yearly return you require for the risk
Starting: 9.5%
Value per share
10 years of cash flows plus a value for everything after, all discounted to today.
Starting model (base)
$253
57% of this value comes from after year 10.
-41%
Arithmetic only, not a recommendation.What the price implies: buying at $426 earns about 6.9% a year if these cash flows play out, compared with the 9.5% discount rate.
Revenue and free cash flow
Last 5 years reported (SEC filings), then 10 years projected: years 1-5 from the assumptions, years 6-10 fading to the long run.
Projected free cash flow = operating profit after tax + depreciation - capex - working capital. Reported free cash flow = operating cash flow - capex, so the two are close but not identical.
Where the starting numbers come from
The years 1-5 assumptions were set by AI using the company's SEC filings, its own guidance and judgment about what is one-off. The reasoning for each line is under the i next to it. They are a starting point to react to, not a view. Compare them with what actually happened:
| Assumption | Starting (yrs 1-5 avg) | Reported (5 years to FY2025) |
|---|---|---|
| Revenue growth | 9.0% | 12.9% a year |
| Operating margin | 62.6% | 63.9% average |
| Capex % revenue | 3.5% | 3.3% average |
- Years 6-10 are calculated, not guessed: growth slides from the year-5 rate (7.0%) down to long-term growth (3.0%); margin and depreciation stay at year-5 levels; capex moves from 3.5% of revenue to 4.3%, which is depreciation plus what it takes to keep growing.
- Return on new invested capital (RONIC) 100%: what the years 1-5 assumptions themselves imply (extra after-tax operating profit by year 5 divided by the extra investment made to get there), kept between the discount rate and 100%.
- Discount rate 9.5%: cost of equity = risk-free rate 4.89% (US 10-year Treasury) + beta 0.95 x equity risk premium 5.0% = 9.6%; blended with cost of debt 4.5% after tax at 3% debt weight.
- Historical figures: SEC EDGAR annual filings (10-K). Share count and net debt from the latest filing used for the model.